416)Nobel Laureates uncover marvels of Allah's creation: HIV virus, HPV virus, Glowing Proteins, Symmetry, Asymmetry, Matter, Antimatter, Particles.

This post is now part of the following collection of posts:
454)A Collection of Posts on Symmetry in Nature, as a Product of the Human Mind, Geometry and Harmonious Mathematical Reasoning; Quotes of Aga Khan IV
http://gonashgo.blogspot.com/2009/03/454a-collection-of-posts-on-symmetry-in.html


"One hour of contemplation on the works of the Creator is better than a thousand hours of prayer"(Prophet Muhammad, circa 632CE)

"In fact this world is a book in which you see inscribed the writings of God the Almighty"(Nasir Khusraw, 11th century Ismaili cosmologist-philosopher-poet)

"My religion consists of a humble admiration of the illimitable superior spirit who reveals himself in the slight details we are able to perceive with our frail and feeble minds."(Albert Einstein, circa 1950)

"Islam is a natural religion of which the Ayats are the universe in which we live and move and have our being………..The God of the Quran is the one whose Ayats are the universe……"(Aga Khan III, April 4th 1952)

"Islamic doctrine goes further than the other great religions, for it proclaims the presence of the soul, perhaps minute but nevertheless existing in an embryonic state, in all existence in matter, in animals, trees, and space itself. Every individual, every molecule, every atom has its own spiritual relationship with the All-Powerful Soul of God"(Memoirs of Aga Khan III, 1954)

"Allah alone wishes: the Universe exists; and all manifestations are as a witness of the Divine Will"(Memoirs of Aga Khan III, 1954)

"Our religious leadership must be acutely aware of secular trends, including those generated by this age of science and technology. Equally, our academic or secular elite must be deeply aware of Muslim history, of the scale and depth of leadership exercised by the Islamic empire of the past in all fields"(Aga Khan IV, 6th February 1970, Hyderabad, Pakistan)

"Indeed, one strength of Islam has always lain in its belief that creation is not static but continuous, that through scientific and other endeavours, God has opened and continues to open new windows for us to see the marvels of His creation"(Aga Khan IV, Aga Khan University, 16 March 1983, Karachi, Pakistan)

"It is the Light of the Intellect which distinguishes the complete human being from the human animal, and developing that intellect requires free inquiry. The man of faith, who fails to pursue intellectual search is likely to have only a limited comprehension of Allah's creation. Indeed, it is man's intellect that enables him to expand his vision of that creation"(Aga Khan IV, Aga Khan University Convocation Speech, Karachi, Pakistan, November 11, 1985)

"...a true understanding of God must also take account of His creation. Such a synthesis is crucial to how the human intellect eventually relates to creation and how it ultimately becomes the instrument for penetrating through history the mystery of the unknowable God implied in the formulation of Tawhid."(Azim Nanji, Director, Institute of Ismaili Studies, London, U.K., 1998)

"As Sura al-Baqara proclaims: 'Wherever you turn, there is the face of Allah'.The famous verse of 'light' in the Qur'an, the Ayat al-Nur, whose first line is rendered here in the mural behind me, inspires among Muslims a reflection on the sacred, the transcendent. It hints at a cosmos full of signs and symbols that evoke the perfection of Allah's creation and mercy"(Aga Khan IV,Speech, Institute of Ismaili Studies, October 2003, London, U.K.)

"......The Quran tells us that signs of Allah’s Sovereignty are found in the contemplation of His Creation - in the heavens and the earth, the night and the day, the clouds and the seas, the winds and the waters...."(Aga Khan IV, Kampala, Uganda, August 22 2007)

"The Qur’an itself repeatedly recommends Muslims to become better educated in order better to understand God’s creation"(Closing Address by His Highness Aga Khan IV at the "Musée-Musées" Round Table Louvre Museum, Paris, France, October 17th 2007)

The above are 13 quotes from Blogpost Four Hundred:
http://gonashgo.blogspot.com/2008/09/400blogpost-four-hundred-knowledge.html


Highlights from the 3 articles below(relating to the 2008 Nobel Laureates of the Physics, Chemistry and Medicine Prizes):

A)Physics Prize:
"The basic laws of physics seem to be incredibly symmetric," Greene adds, "but to get the kinds of things that we're used to in the word around us — stars, planets and people — that symmetry needs to be reduced in order for that kind of structure to emerge.

It's like adding paint to a blank canvas, notes Greene. On a bare canvas, every point is the same as every other — there's complete symmetry. But to see the beauty of a painting emerge, a painter adds splashes of color, which reduces the symmetry, "and that's what needed to happen in the universe," he says. The cosmos began as a hot uniform sea of particles in which all the laws of physics had melded into one, but transformed and cooled into a rich tapestry"(Brian Greene)

One way to understand spontaneously broken symmetry is to imagine a round dinner table at which the place settings are symmetric. There's a napkin to the left and right of each dinner plate, so either side looks the same. But once a diner reaches for a napkin to the left, he determines the choice for everyone at the table, and the symmetry is broken.


B)Chemistry Prize:
Making cells glow with a protein borrowed from jellyfish is one of the brightest ideas in chemistry. At least that is what the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences implied when it announced October 8 that the 2008 Nobel Prize in chemistry would be awarded to three scientists who were instrumental in discovering green fluorescent protein, commonly called GFP, and developing the protein as a powerful tool for basic biological research.

"There's no doubt that GFP has changed the way we do biology," says Jeff Lichtman, a neuroscientist at Harvard University. "There's a wide range of things that can be done with GFP that are just unthinkable without it." For instance, scientists can watch the movement of proteins within a cell or track the migration of cells throughout the body.

Tsien, of the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla and of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, tweaked the structure of the jellyfish protein and a red fluorescent protein found in corals to make them glow in a rainbow of colors from the deepest purples to true red. That ability enables scientists to track a number of different proteins or cells at once, allowing for a deeper understanding of biological interactions.

Lichtman uses a Crayola box of fluorescent proteins —most developed by Tsien — to color neurons in mouse brains. He and his colleagues can watch the neurons grow and develop and form and break connections with each other in living animals. Such experiments only became possible with the fluorescent proteins, he says.


C)Medicine Prize:
The 2008 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine will be shared among three European researchers for their pivotal work in identifying the roles of sexually transmitted viruses in causing cervical cancer(HPV virus) and AIDS(HIV virus).

HPV is a stealthy virus that infects both men and women and often goes unnoticed by the person who carries it. That helps to make HPV one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens. Between 50 and 80 percent of the world's population harbors at least one strain of the virus at some point in their lives.

In 1981, signs of AIDS showed up in patients who were deathly ill, seemingly from a rash of opportunistic infections. The disease wasn't inherited, so scientists named it Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS.

In the early 1980s, a team led by Montagnier and Barré-Sinoussi tested lymph nodes in people with the new disease and found that a virus, later named HIV, not only replicated out of control in these patients but also damaged their immunity by killing T cells, the workhorses of the immune system.

"They not only isolated the virus but they also provided an explanation for why immune impairment occurred," Andersson says.



The 3 articles in detail:

A)Nobel Prize in physics shared for work that unifies forces of nature

By Ron Cowen
Web edition : Tuesday, October 7th, 2008

Understanding of broken symmetry has been crucial to the standard model of particle physics

The 2008 Nobel Prize in physics has been awarded to three theoretical physicists for advances involving the concept of symmetry breaking. The theory highlights how three of the four seemingly disparate forces in nature fall under the same umbrella. The work forms a cornerstone of the standard model of particle physics.

Half of the $1.4 million prize goes to Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago’s Enrico Fermi Institute. He began formulating his mathematical description of a type of symmetry violation, known as spontaneous broken symmetry, as early as 1960.

The other half is shared by Japanese researchers Makoto Kobayashi of the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Tsukuba and Toshihide Maskawa of Kyoto University’s Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics. Kobayashi and Maskawa discovered the origin of another type of symmetry violation that had been observed but not explained. Their work successfully predicted that nature must have at least three families of quarks, which are the fundamental building blocks of matter such as neutrons and protons.

The accomplishments of the winners tie in to the “most essential ideas in our understanding of modern physics,” says physicist Brian Greene of Columbia University in New York City.

“The basic laws of physics seem to be incredibly symmetric,” Greene adds, “but to get the kinds of things that we’re used to in the word around us — stars, planets and people — that symmetry needs to be reduced in order for that kind of structure to emerge.”

It’s like adding paint to a blank canvas, notes Greene. On a bare canvas, every point is the same as every other — there’s complete symmetry. But to see the beauty of a painting emerge, a painter adds splashes of color, which reduces the symmetry, “and that’s what needed to happen in the universe,” he says. The cosmos began as a hot uniform sea of particles in which all the laws of physics had melded into one, but transformed and cooled into a rich tapestry.

Nambu discovered that symmetries in nature can be hidden — and spontaneously broken. That idea of hidden symmetries has now become a guiding principle in understanding nature at its deepest level, says Turner.

One way to understand spontaneously broken symmetry is to imagine a round dinner table at which the place settings are symmetric. There’s a napkin to the left and right of each dinner plate, so either side looks the same. But once a diner reaches for a napkin to the left, he determines the choice for everyone at the table, and the symmetry is broken.

In the early 1960s, Nambu was studying the phenomenon of superconductivity, in which electric current, below a certain temperature, suddenly flows without any resistance. Below this critical temperature, electrons, which normally repel each other, abruptly bind up in pairs. It took Nambu two years to develop the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking in order to explain how superconductivity works. He then rapidly applied the idea to particle physics.

“Nambu was the first to apply the idea of a spontaneously broken symmetry in elementary particle physics — that is, a symmetry that is an exact property of the underlying equations of the theory, but is not realized in the solutions of these equations, and hence not easily apparent in the properties of elementary particles,” says Steven Weinberg of the University of Texas at Austin, who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in physics. Nambu’s idea “has proved crucial in understanding the properties of particles that interact through the strong nuclear force, in particular pi mesons,” he says, adding that it has also helped unify the weak and electromagnetic interactions.

Nambu discovered a mechanism embedded in the laws of physics that allowed the character of symmetries to change as the universe evolved. In technical parlance, Nambu introduced a scalar field, which Greene likens to a ubiquitous mist. “We don’t know it’s there, it has no manifest features, but the laws of physics know about that mist and it plays the role of reducing symmetry,” says Greene.

“His study of this broken symmetry not only paved the way for hidden symmetry in particle physics more broadly,” Turner says, “but also explained why the pi meson is so much lighter than all the other mesons.”

Kobayashi and Maskawa examined a very different sort of symmetry violation. They were trying to explain a set of puzzling experiments, first performed by James Cronin and Val Fitch in the mid 1960s. In those experiments, subatomic particles called K mesons didn’t behave the same if the particles were replaced by their antiparticles and the same experiment took place in a looking-glass universe, where right and left were interchanged. (Cronin and Fitch went on to win the 1980 Nobel Prize for the experiment.)

In 1972, Kobayashi and Maskawa found that this puzzling asymmetry could be explained if the family of elementary particles was expanded to include at least three families of quarks. At the time, only three quarks were known — up, down and strange. The up and down form one family. Missing members of the other families were subsequently discovered in experiments. The charm quark (partner of the strange quark) was discovered in 1974; the bottom quark (1977) and the top quark in (1994) make up the third family.

Their theory also suggested that physicists could observe a symmetry violation in another type of elementary particle, the B-meson, which is ten times heavier than a K meson, or kaon. Because the broken symmetry involving the B meson occurs rarely, physicists built giant “B factories,” one at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in California and the other at the KEK Accelerator Laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan. These factories each produced more than a million B mesons a day. In 2001, both experiments confirmed the B meson violation that Kobayashi and Maskawa had predicted nearly three decades earlier.

Related post:
http://gonashgo.blogspot.com/2008/01/285abdus-salam-1979-nobel-laureate-in.html




B)Nobel Prize in chemistry commends finding and use of green fluorescent protein

By Tina Hesman Saey
Web edition : Wednesday, October 8th, 2008

One researcher is awarded for discovering the protein that helps jellyfish glow and two for making the protein into a crucial tool for biologists.

Making cells glow with a protein borrowed from jellyfish is one of the brightest ideas in chemistry. At least that is what the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences implied when it announced October 8 that the 2008 Nobel Prize in chemistry would be awarded to three scientists who were instrumental in discovering green fluorescent protein, commonly called GFP, and developing the protein as a powerful tool for basic biological research.

Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien will equally share the $1.4 million prize.
GFP can absorb light at one energy and emit light at another. The result is that the protein glows, and glows with a specific color, when exposed to a specific wavelength of light. This function differs from that of bioluminescent proteins, which can generate their own light.
"There's no doubt that GFP has changed the way we do biology," says Jeff Lichtman, a neuroscientist at Harvard University. "There's a wide range of things that can be done with GFP that are just unthinkable without it." For instance, scientists can watch the movement of proteins within a cell or track the migration of cells throughout the body.

Shimomura, of both the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass., and of Boston University, first discovered the barrel-shaped protein in jellyfish called Aequorea victoria in 1962. He collected more than a million jellyfish in Friday Harbor, Wash., and extracted light-producing chemicals from the animals. While purifying a protein called aequorin, which produces blue light in response to rising calcium levels in a cell, Shimomura found another protein that absorbs the blue light from aequorin and then gives off green light.

The discovery of a fluorescent protein astounded many scientists, says Marc Zimmer, a computational chemist at Connecticut College in New London. Inside GFP sits a chromophore, a structure of rings that absorbs light and then emits light of lower energy. Until GFP was discovered, all of the fluorescent molecules known in nature were either not proteins or were pairs of proteins, in which each member performed chemical surgery on the other and gave off light as a byproduct of the reaction, he says.

So it came as a shock to find that GFP could twist and turn on itself, attacking and rearranging its amino acids to form a five-sided ring and giving off water and light.

“You have here a protein that has figured out how to do surgery on its own gut,” says Tsien. “If you had asked us before GFP came along whether a protein could do this, we would have said, ‘absolutely not.’ It would be almost as if a protein could lift its wings and start flying through the air. It would be almost as ludicrous.”

Since the discovery of the jellyfish protein, at least 125 different species have been found to contain individual proteins that are fluorescent, all with a shape and a method for emitting light that is similar to GFP, Zimmer says.

Shimomura said during an Oct. 8 teleconference that he didn’t expect to win the chemistry prize for his basic research on jellyfish. He didn’t realize the practical uses of the green fluorescent protein until Chalfie’s lab succeeded in producing the protein in another organism, and retaining the protein’s ability to fluoresce, he said.

But the Japanese-born scientist “was the obvious choice” to win a Nobel for his discovery of the molecule, says Zimmer. At least four other scientists had a hand in developing the protein into a powerful research tool, but no more than three people can share a Nobel Prize. "It must have been very difficult to make the choice," Zimmer says.

Chalfie, of Columbia University, first heard about the protein in a seminar. He immediately realized that if he could put a fluorescent protein into the cells of the transparent roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans he could see which cells produced the light. He developed the gene that encodes the fluorescent protein as a biological tag and showed its usefulness by coloring six cells in the roundworm. Even before he published the results of his experiments in 1994, Chalfie distributed the technology for introducing GFP into living cells to researchers around the world.
Now the use of fluorescent proteins is ubiquitous in biology. “I don’t know anyone who isn’t using it,” Lichtman says. “The Green Revolution, as I call it, has become such a dominant technology, I worried that it wouldn't get the prize because it would be taken for granted."

Tsien, of the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla and of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, tweaked the structure of the jellyfish protein and a red fluorescent protein found in corals to make them glow in a rainbow of colors from the deepest purples to true red. That ability enables scientists to track a number of different proteins or cells at once, allowing for a deeper understanding of biological interactions.

In 1968, at age 16, Tsien won the top prize in the Westinghouse Science Talent Search competition (now the Intel Science Talent Search). His project explored the orientation of an ion in transition-metal complexes. The competition is owned and operated by Society for Science & the Public (then Science Service), which publishes Science News.

Lichtman uses a Crayola box of fluorescent proteins —most developed by Tsien — to color neurons in mouse brains. He and his colleagues can watch the neurons grow and develop and form and break connections with each other in living animals. Such experiments only became possible with the fluorescent proteins, he says.

“I’m just very pleased,” Lichtman says. "If I have to have any qualm at all it is about the missing person," Douglas Prasher. Prasher was the first to isolate the gene that encodes GFP, but he had difficulty making it fluoresce when produced in another organism. His discovery of the gene made Chalfie's and Tsien’s work possible. "I'm a bit sad that he didn't get to share in this prize, but all three deserve it," Lichtman says.

The Nobel Prize committee announced the winners at 5:45 a.m. EST Wednesday, October 8. Laureates are informed of their selection before the announcement of the prize, but Chalfie says he slept through the congratulatory phone call from the Swedish academy because he had muted his phone a few days earlier. He woke up about 25 minutes later to a faintly ringing phone and recalled that the chemistry prize was being awarded. “I decided to find out who the schnuck was who won it this year,” he said during the October 8 teleconference. “I opened up my laptop and discovered that I was the schnuck. The other two are very good scientists,” he quipped.
SN staff writer Rachel Ehrenberg contributed to this article.




C)Nobel Prize in medicine given for HIV, HPV discoveries

By Nathan Seppa
Web edition : Monday, October 6th, 2008

Three Europeans recognized for linking viruses to AIDS, cervical cancer

The 2008 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine will be shared among three European researchers for their pivotal work in identifying the roles of sexually transmitted viruses in causing cervical cancer and AIDS.Half of the $1.4 million prize goes to Harald zur Hausen of the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg for his discovery that the human papillomavirus, or HPV, causes cervical cancer. His work in the 1970s and 1980s laid the foundation for a full onslaught against HPV. In recent years, scientists have developed and made available for commercial use two vaccines against HPV, one marketed by Merck as Gardasil and the other marketed by GlaxoSmithKline as Cervarix. The vaccines are the first to guard against a cancer, preventing key strains of HPV infection that cause most cervical cancers. HPV has since been linked to other cancers as well.The other half of the 2008 medical Nobel prize will be split by Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for work that culminated in the early 1980s with the discovery that a strange virus, later called the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, was the cause of AIDS. It is the first Nobel given specifically for HIV research.

Their work, done at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, was later confirmed in the United States by Robert Gallo and his team at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Md., although that work ignited a controversy, which simmered throughout the 1980s, over the rightful owner of the “discoverer” title. In any case, no one disputes that the early HIV findings cleared the way for a test for the virus, for blood supply screening and for the development of drugs to combat HIV in patients.

In his work on human papillomavirus, zur Hausen toiled against a prevailing notion taught in medical schools at the time — that a herpes virus probably caused cervical cancer. Using a new technology developed in the 1970s called recombinant DNA, he failed to find any herpes DNA in cervical tumors.

Instead, he isolated HPV DNA from cervical tumors in the lab, and dubbed the viral strain HPV-16. His team was also able to look for this particular strain of the virus in other cervical cancers, and found it in roughly half of such tumors. When some women with cervical cancer turned out to have a form of HPV other than this strain, the team cloned that and named it HPV-18.

“These discoveries by Harald zur Hausen led to a paradigm shift in the field,” the Nobel Committee concluded.

There are dozens of strains of HPV, but HPV-16 and HPV-18 account for about 70 percent of all cervical cancers, says Jan Andersson of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, a member of the Nobel Prize committee. Some other strains cause cancer or genital warts. Andersson discusses the prizes in a taped interview on the Nobel Foundation website.
HPV is a stealthy virus that infects both men and women and often goes unnoticed by the person who carries it. That helps to make HPV one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens. Between 50 and 80 percent of the world’s population harbors at least one strain of the virus at some point in their lives.

Not all strains cause cancer, and only a small fraction of infections with the cancer-causing HPV strains result in malignancy, because people routinely naturally clear HPV from the body. But the sheer numbers of HPV infections result in cancers in some women and make it a public health burden worldwide.

Meanwhile, HPV has also been found in cancers of the penis and vulva, and recent work links it to mouth and throat cancer, possibly due to oral sex with an infected partner.

“Dr. zur Hausen has been the mover behind pushing the field toward recognition of HPV as the cause of cervical cancer,” says Robert Burk, a pediatrician and medical geneticist at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. It’s important to note that zur Hausen “also did something extraordinary and unique in science,” Burk says. “He distributed his cloned [viral] genomes throughout the world to anybody who would ask for them, and the field just exploded through his generosity.” Not all scientists do that, Burk says, often seeking patent protections and guarding their secrets. “He came out with it right away.”

The result has been the development of better HPV testing and diagnostics, and, most importantly, the creation of a vaccines. Both protect against cancer-causing HPV-16 and HPV-18, while Gardasil also protects against two other strains that cause genital warts. Work is under way to expand the reach of the vaccine to cover more strains that cause cervical cancer.
While the vaccines clearly prevent infection by strains HPV-16 and HPV-18, Andersson says, “we’ll have to wait 10 to 15 years to make sure they actually prevent the development of cervical cancer.”

Meanwhile, allocation of praise for the discovery of HIV has followed a much more contentious path.

In 1981, signs of AIDS showed up in patients who were deathly ill, seemingly from a rash of opportunistic infections. The disease wasn’t inherited, so scientists named it Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS.

The early examination of patients set in motion a race to discover the cause of this new disease. “Many factors — fungi chemicals, and even an autoimmunity to leukocytes [white blood cells] — were invoked at that time as possible causes,” Gallo and Montagnier wrote much later in a joint article published in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2003.

In the early 1980s, a team led by Montagnier and Barré-Sinoussi tested lymph nodes in people with the new disease and found that a virus, later named HIV, not only replicated out of control in these patients but also damaged their immunity by killing T cells, the workhorses of the immune system.

The French researchers developed a method for rapidly cloning the genome of HIV-1, the most common form of the virus, which made possible further discoveries throughout the 1980s and 1990s that revealed the virus’ replication cycle and its interactions with the human host.

Montagnier and Barré-Sinoussi later went on to locate this virus in people who had been infected sexually, and from hemophiliacs and other patients receiving blood transfusions. The team also showed that HIV could be transmitted from an infected pregnant mother to her child.

“They not only isolated the virus but they also provided an explanation for why immune impairment occurred,” Andersson says.

The French team’s findings led to powerful screening techniques that allow accurate testing for HIV and scanning of blood supplies to detect the virus. These early discoveries also led to the development of anti-HIV drugs, which mainly counteract the virus by intervening in the HIV life cycle.

But HIV discovery had a rocky start. Shortly after the French researchers published early work on the virus in 1983, Gallo published data confirming it. There followed a sometimes bitter dispute over who had discovered HIV first. Eventually, both teams were given credit. The parties have even reconciled in a fashion, as evidenced by the joint retrospective in NEJM by Gallo and Montagnier.

“The Nobel Prize historically goes to the person or group that makes the first seminal discovery or observation, and the 1983 paper by Montagnier and Barré-Sinoussi — in which they identified the virus ultimately called HIV — came first,” says Anthony Fauci, a physician-researcher and director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Md.

The French team and zur Hausen are deserving, he says, “and should be congratulated on their spectacular work.” Fauci adds, “Gallo’s contribution was substantial and should not be forgotten.”

Shared Nobels are limited to three recipients.

Related post:
http://gonashgo.blogspot.com/2008/01/280no6-ayatssigns-in-universe-series.html




Easy Nash

The Qur'an itself repeatedly recommends Muslims to become better educated in order better to understand God's creation: Aga Khan IV(2007)
The Quran tells us that signs of Allah's Sovereignty are found in the contemplation of His Creation: Aga Khan IV(2007)
This notion of the capacity of the human intellect to understand and to admire the creation of Allah will bring you happiness in your everyday lives: Aga Khan IV(2007)
Islam, eminently logical, placing the greatest emphasis on knowledge, purports to understand God's creation: Aga Khan IV(2006)
The first and only thing created by God was the Intellect(Aql): Prophet Muhammad(circa 632CE)